The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) knows that establishing dissolved oxygen (DO) and nutrient criteria for the state’s water bodies is a challenge – both scientifically and politically.
To strengthen the scientific basis of its upcoming discussion of nutrient and DO levels statewide, DEP has embarked on a comprehensive, year-long study of those parameters in hundreds of Florida’s diverse waterways, which range from natural to manmade water bodies and from crystalline to tea-colored black water systems. The study draws upon state-of-the-art sampling equipment and analytical tools, highly trained analysts, and meticulous protocols. Grab-sample data will be augmented by continuous monitoring data, providing an unprecedented level of detail on the state’s water quality.
By the end of the study, the project’s 342 sampling sites will have yielded more than a half-million data points and, officials hope, perspective on nutrients and DO concentrations in the state’s waterways. That perspective will be invaluable in establishing science-based criteria for acceptable levels of DO and nutrients in the state’s diverse water bodies.
“The purpose of this project is to help the state of Florida revise its standards for dissolved oxygen and establish quantitative nutrient criteria,” said Eric Livingston, chief of the DEP’s Bureau of Watershed Management in Tallahassee, Fla. “To do that you need data – lots of data.”
The need for science over politics wasn’t lost on state lawmakers. “The Legislature recognized the importance of good data and allocated the funds to undertake this study,” said Livingston. A good economic return to the state is likely. That’s especially true in the form of cost savings for businesses and residents of watersheds where Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) will require Best Management Practices and environmental safeguards that will hinge, in part, on the results of the DEP research.
Divide and conquer
The first challenge was defining the kinds of water bodies that would be studied and selecting enough sites to generate statistically significant results. Working with Biological Research Associates (BRA) and its team of sub-consultants to fine-tune the sampling site list, DEP developed a list of water body types and targeted the number of sites to be sampled in each:
- Large river (30 sites)
- General stream (45)
- Low-velocity stream (30)
- Urban stream (60)
- Natural lake (90)
- Urban lake (60)
- Canal (30).
Each of the sites is undergoing an intensive monitoring regimen, said Doug Durbin, the BRA vice president who heads the study team for DEP’s principal contractor on the project. Teams collect grab samples at each site for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia, nitrate + nitrite, total phosphorous, total organic carbon, chlorophyll a, and color. Turbidity is measured in the field, and biological and sediment samples are also collected for analysis during selected sampling trips.
“This is one of the biggest statewide efforts of this type I’ve ever been involved in,” said Payne, who also worked on the high-profile effort to set nutrient criteria for the Everglades. “The Everglades is probably one of the most environmentally studied pieces of earth in the world. We had probably 10 years’ or more of data for the Everglades to set the standards down there. We just don’t have that kind of data for the water bodies across the state. Our previous statewide ambient monitoring data covered a lot fewer sites, one season out of the year, a lot less intensively. To set the standards for the state, we knew we needed a lot more data.”
Monitoring data
In the new effort, continuous monitoring data – shedding light on diurnal cycles and reactions to different weather events – is a critical part of the study. Every three months, analysts deploy YSI 6600EDS sondes at each site at a half-meter depth. Each 6600EDS measures water temperature, conductivity, pH, DO and depth every 15 minutes for four days. When the sondes are deployed, another YSI 6600EDS – configured for water column sampling – is used to grab a snapshot of the same data at half-meter increments throughout the water column.
The sondes’ data is downloaded into YSI 650 dataloggers. Additional data on the sampling site – including air and water temperature, velocity, biological information, and who is present at the time – are recorded in symbol personal data assistants (PDAs), and all equipment and personnel identification codes are logged in with individual barcodes to aid in QA/QC efforts.
Fortunately, data quality has been excellent, and even in challenging extended deployment situations, the long-term unattended monitoring equipment has performed quite reliably. Surviving challenging conditions really says something – after all, in Florida, “challenging” deployments range from hurricane surges to extensive fouling to alligator attacks. (In fact, the BRA team has learned to wrap its buoys in heavy wire mesh to discourage territorial ’gators from chewing up the floats and dislodging the sondes.)
Every analyst has a favorite survival story about the sondes that illustrates their durability.
“One sonde fell to the bottom in 20 ft of water,” recalled BRA Senior Water Resource Analyst Kym Rouse Campbell. “It spent six days on the bottom in the muck and collected data the whole time – and verified.”
In fact, she said, she has seen very few sondes come back from deployment and fail to verify.
After Hurricane Katrina blew through south Florida in August, sonde pickups were delayed for days beyond their scheduled four-day deployments. The BRA team reports that after a full week in the field, including the storm, the entire group of sondes picked up after the hurricane stayed within DEP’s exacting +/- 0.3 mg/L tolerance standard for DO.
Diligent maintenance protocols – along with the training and follow-up tech support provided by YSI – help keep the equipment in top shape and keep the complicated project moving ahead, said Durbin.
“The tech support from YSI turned out to be an incredible money-saving factor,” he noted.
Drawn by the reliability and extensive data-gathering capabilities of the probes, the BRA team and its subcontractors – who have experience with an array of equipment – have become very attached to the YSI sondes.
In fact, one contractor told Durbin that he wants to buy the equipment from DEP at the end of the study. When BRA posed that question to DEP, they were told that the department already had a number of internal requests to use the sondes for other studies, so the state wouldn’t part with them.
BRA’s exhaustive efforts to collect accurate data and DEP’s carefully considered protocol are yielding a comprehensive look at each sampling site that takes into account the entire water column, an array of water quality parameters, and how DO changes over time. Put them together and water resource scientists should be able to understand how the water bodies function, and how different systems compare and contrast.
“The state is well aware of the importance of considering the differences among water bodies,” noted Durbin. “The thing this study is trying to do is quantify the degree and variability of those differences.”
Understanding the relationships among water bodies is no small challenge, Durbin noted. As part of a QA/QC review for the project, Durbin churned thousands of data points through YSI's EcoWatch for Windows to chart the monitored parameters over four-day study periods at each study site.
The data crunching was surprisingly easy
“I could just click on the parameters I wanted and look at the relationships, then pick out the ones of interest,” Durbin said. “It took what might have been three days of data review and put it into one day.”
But the charts hint at the challenges that face regulators and stakeholders as they seek acceptable limits for DO and nutrients.
“It’s pretty astounding how much variability there can be,” he noted. Some water bodies revealed strong diurnal cycles, with DO rising and falling dramatically; others were remarkably stable. Among the sites with significant peaks and valleys, some showed strong positive correlations with temperature (and, consequently, daytime vs. nighttime) while others displayed strong negative correlations. The bottom line, said Durbin, is that DO patterns will need to be referenced against other water quality parameters and physical factors to generate a more complete understanding of the water body.
That knowledge will be vital. So will the unwavering confidence that the data is accurate – accurate enough to stay at the center of Florida’s effort to develop appropriate standards for nutrients and DO across its extraordinarily diverse water bodies.
“We are collecting data that will be highly scrutinized by everyone from USEPA to environmental groups to affected users in the watersheds,” noted DEP’s Livingston. “We want to make sure that we have extremely high-quality data, and lots of it, to make sure we make good decisions when it comes to something as important as DO and nutrient standards.”
Added Payne, “One place we don’t want to leave ourselves open is quality. When you know you’re going to be challenged, you want to cross all your Ts and dot all your Is.”